The Era Of Good Feeling Essay - 1579 Words

Following the death of the Federalist political party, and after entering a time of political unity, the United States entered what historians refer to as the â€Å"Era of Good Feeling†. This era began after the War of 1812, a war between America and Britain, and the Napoleonic Wars, a series of wars taken place in the seas near France, ended. The Federalist party was dissolving at the end of the war, and was completely dissolved when Monroe came into office as president in 1817. At the start of this era, there was primarily a one-party political system, the Democratic-Republicans, and there was a rise of nationalism, hence the era received the title â€Å"Good Feeling†. Socially, this nationalism was felt throughout the entire nation, specifically directly following the war, in 1815-1817. Economically, however, the issues of state sovereignty led to the rise of sectionalism, not deserving of the title â€Å"Good Feeling†. Furthermore, politically, America at thi s time began to split into the second party system. While at the start almost everyone was Republican, sectionalism arose during this era, and ultimately led to the ending of the good feelings entirely. Overall, the time between 1815 and 1825 is undeserving of its name, â€Å"The Era of Good Feeling,† and sectionalism played a larger role in the United States at this time then nationalism did. Socially, the the title â€Å"good feeling† is an accurate representation of the nationalism people were feeling at the time following the War ofShow MoreRelatedThe Era Of Good Feeling1387 Words   |  6 PagesEdgard Areas Prof. Kenyon Callahan Political Science 1 (Section 91060) October 20, 2016 James Monroe The Era of Good Feeling, described in the Miller Center website, is a period that was â€Å"marked by economic prosperity, the disintegration of the Federalist Party, and feelings of triumph after the victory in the War of 1812.† It is also connected to President James Monroe’s time in office from 1817 to 1825. The road to becoming president was a particularly easy one for him. The dominance of the Democratic-RepublicanRead MoreThe Era Of Good Feelings1211 Words   |  5 PagesSimran Orion APUSH Sec. 3 The years 1815 to 1825 are incorrectly titled the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings.† Though many consider this time period to be one of unity and nationalism, the occurrences of this age indicate otherwise. Though there were a small amount of beneficial happenings in this era, the bad greatly outweighs the good. Perhaps America prospered economically toward the end of the era with industrialism thriving, but slavery, taxation, and the expansion of the country beckons the questionRead MoreEra of Good Feelings Dbq807 Words   |  4 PagesEra of Good Feelings DBQ Question- The â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† was a time of increased patriotism and prosperity for America, but were there hidden debates on serious issues going on within the country during this very time period? The â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† was a time period that lasted from about 1815-1824, and in this era there was increased nationalism and prosperity for the country. Still though, there were very crucial issues being argued over in that very time period. During PresidentRead MoreThe Era of Good Feeling Dbq770 Words   |  4 PagesThe Era of Good Feeling â€Å"The Era of Good Feeling† was a time of increased nationalism and prosperity for the nation. This of course is not completely true, debates over many important issues created a crack in the outward appearance of harmony during President Monroe’s two terms. These issues include sectionalism, foreign policy of isolationism and the rights of states vs. the rights of the federal government. During Monroe’s two terms, sectionalism, an excessive regardRead MoreEssay on Dbq- Era of Good Feelings650 Words   |  3 PagesBritain was supplying the Native Americans in North America with guns and, as a result America declared war on Britain in 1812. The phrase Era of Good Feelings was used to describe the administrations of Munroe in 1816 but the validity of this phrase is questioned. Many people might believe that the period after the war of 1812 was an Era of Good Feelings because of the nations gain of nationalism and expansion of the country, but it was not because of growing sectionalism and state issues. Read MoreEra of Good Feeling Dbq Essays613 Words   |  3 PagesThe period after the War of 1812 during the presidency of James Monroe is often referred to as the â€Å"era of good feelings† because of a feeling of nationalism, a feeling of pride and national unity. The end of the Federalist Party also provided the nation with a feeling of nationalism, for there was no political opposition toward the Republicans. This title, however, may not be the most accurate label for this particular time period, for this time period marked the beginnings of sectionalism, withRead More Sectionalism Versus Nationalism and the Era of Good Feelings626 Words   |  3 Pagesagainst the powerful British Army. However, the loss of thousands of southern slaves and the British embargo led both the north and the south to lament over the cost of the war. The time period from 1815 – 1825 that some historians call the era of good feelings was not as positive a time period as the title implies; factions ran rampant on the verge of causing an implosion for our country’s political system. The United States began to dissatisfy some of its citizens and so the concerns of sectionalismRead MoreThe During The Era Of Good Feeling, While Westward Expansion1338 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Era of Good Feeling, while westward expansion was booming, a sense of unity and nationalism emerged as a result of the post-war reconstruction period as well as the decline of the federalist party; however, the Panic of 1819 caused a severe economic depression making this period not an Era of Good Feelings. Although the one party system was somewhat beneficial during the Era of Good Feelings, creating a false sense of political unity between the people, poor economic decisions lead toRead MoreDbq Era of Good Feeling Ap Us History Essay717 Words   |  3 PagesThe period after the war of 1812 was labeled â€Å"The Era of Good Feeling† by historians. Some people believe that this is an accurate label of this time period, but others disagree. Due to the emergence of sectionalism- concern with local interests, and nationalism- patriotic feelings and self pride, people had mixed feelings about this time period. Many people felt that times were high, and that nationalism and sectionalism could only bolster the union, while others thought that it was sectionalismRead MoreHow Accurate Was the Term Era of Good Feelings in the United States Following the War of 1812?968 Words   |  4 Pagesterm commonly applied to that era in the United States was known as the â€Å"era of good feelings†. While the United States was growing in several different aspects, such as politically, socially and economically, and changing as a country, there are several key factors that denote this term, and nullify its meaning. While the changes were significant, and the United States evolved at an exponential rate after the war of 1812, the accuracy of the term â€Å"era of good feelings† is way off, and the United States

Pricing and Revenue Management in the Supply Chain

Pricing and Revenue Management in the Supply Chain The Council of Community Colleges of Jamaica Turks and Caicos Community College Supply Chain Management MGMT 4801 Lecturer: Ms. M. Hosten Due Date: October 9th, 2012 Name: Donnell Lightbourne Table of Content What is Revenue Management? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 3 Foundations for Strategic Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 3 Impact and Conditions of RM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 4 Segments of Revenue Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 5-8 Practicing Revenue Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 9 User of Revenue Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... pg. 10 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ pg.†¦show more content†¦For the firm to take advantage of revenue management, the supplier must bound the amount of capacity committed to lower price segment even if sufficient demand exist from the lower price segment to use the entire capacity. The basic trade-off here is between committing to an order from a lower price or waiting for a high price to arrive later on. The risks in such situation are spoilage and spill. Spoilage occurs when capacity is wasted because demand from high price doesn’t materialize. Spill occurs if higher price segments have to be refused because capacity has already been committed to lower price segment. u If a supplier serves numerous customer segments with a fixed benefit, the provider can improve revenues by setting different prices for eac h segment u Prices must be set with barriers such that the segment willing to pay more is not able to pay the lower price u The amount of the asset set aside for the higher price segment is such that the expected marginal revenue from the higher priced segment equals the price of the lower price segment Perishable Assets There are two revenue management tactics used for perishable assets: ⇠¨ Vary price over time to maximize expected revenue ⇠¨ Overbook sales of the assets to account for cancellations The first tactic is appropriate for assets such as fashion wear that have clear date beyond which they lose a lot of their value; clothing designed for a particular season loses its value whenShow MoreRelatedWalmart, The Largest Public Service Company1342 Words   |  6 Pagesoperations, the company garnered revenues of $700,000 in sales. In the next 12 years, it made a drastic rise to $ 5.4 million in sales and subsequently crossed $ 1Billion mark in 1980. By the year 2002, the company’s revenues equaled to 2.3% of the GDP of USA, making it the biggest Retailer in the United States, having already overtaken K-mart in 1992 and in 2000. Walmart had a continuous exponential rise since its inception. This year the company reported revenues of $ 478 Billion with gross profitRead MoreEssay o n Supply Chain Partners: Virginia Mason and Owens 1458 Words   |  6 PagesSynopsis: Michael Stefanic, director of cost management at Owens Minor (OM), a medical and surgical supplies distributor and Daniel Borunda, material systems manager at Virginia Mason (VM) Medical Center came together to try to battle healthcare costs and improve the healthcare supply chain. Virginia Mason, a private non-profit healthcare organization based out of Seattle, offered both primary and specialized care and developed the Virginia Mason Production System (VMPS). The VMPS was a modifiedRead MoreSWOT of Canadian Operations of Wal-Mart: Supply Chain Innovations to Fight Competition in Canada1202 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT of Canadian Operations of Wal-Mart –Supply chain innovations to fight competition in Canada Supply chain innovations should ensure on-shelf availability at retail outlets, improving collaboration between vendors and retailers, translating supply chain costs to product pricing, lean inventory and real time replenishment. Wal-Mart should ensure that process differentiation to determine the right method of moving products with varying demand characteristics (Akehurst, C., Alexander, N. (1995)Read MoreWalmart: A Strategic Management Case study Financial Perspective959 Words   |  4 PagesPricing Strategy Wal-Mart’s primary competition in US includes department stores of the likes of Target and Kmart. Costco offers competition to Sam Club format of Wal-Mart. In niche small markets, dollar stores are offering strong competition to Wal-Mart. Kroger competes with Neighbor market and supercenters of Wal-Mart especially on the grocery product line. Target competes with Discount stores and supercenter shopping formats of Wal-Mart with Target commanding a small premium on prices as itRead MoreHaier Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesgoods and white goods. Nowadays, Haier is the 4th largest white goods manufacturer in the world. The business scope of Haier is technology research, product development and manufacturing, trade and financial services (Haier, 2015). 2.0 Company Pricing Strategy Haier’s generic product strategy is differentiation and focused differentiation. For example, some products of Haier are designed and manufactured for specific customers. Meanwhile, comparing with sales volume, Haier insists that the customerRead MoreDecision Phases in Supply Chain1111 Words   |  5 PagesDecision phases in supply chain Successful supply chain management requires much decision to the flow of information, product and funds. Each decision should be made to rise to supply chain surplus. These decision fall in to 3 phases depending on the frequency of the each decision and time frame during which a decision phase has an impact. As a result, each category of decision must consider uncertainty over the decision horizon. * Supply chain strategy or decision During this phase, givenRead MoreJoint Juice Case Study Essay1085 Words   |  5 Pagesnation’s second largest grocery chain, and Safeway, the second largest grocery chain to sell Joint Juice’s products through their nationwide chain stores posed a challenging decision to the company. To sell its products throughout the nation is no doubt a great opportunity for Joint Juice, particularly as a start-up business. However, this offer challenged the company’s original strategy of staying regional for several more years and learning while growing. The management of Joint Juice was faced withRead MoreStrategic Vision And Operations Planning1210 Words   |  5 Pagessuccessful supply chain management. However as 2016, Walmart closed 269 stores, this means that not all the stores are successful and there is a problem that is affecting its operations planning. Walmart by 32nd St. has operation planning problems during winter time when the population increases in the are a. This report was written to understand the importance of developing a strategic vision and operations planning in order to help the store current seasonal problems. I find out that Supply Chain ManagementRead MoreE-Commerce Strategies for Grocery Stores845 Words   |  3 Pagesfailure as operations management systems have failed to translate the many accuracy and speed advantages of e-commerce into a value-chain encompassing operations management performance advantage (Ruch, Sackmann, 2012). The intent of this analysis is to evaluate how food and grocery stores can be made more efficient through e-commerce-based operations management. Making Grocery Retailing More Efficient with Operations Management The traditional approach to operations management is based on solvingRead MoreElectronic Discovery : Employee Activity972 Words   |  4 Pagescompanies that sell extensive products, represent manufacturers and sell items at both physical locations and online have more complex inventory-management and ordering needs. Core back-office features usually update availability data but seldom manage complexities such as keeping the showroom stocked, answering customer questions about the supply chain and collating materials used in manufacturing or assembling products to take advantage of bulk ordering discounts and customizing or building products

How At Risk Students Make It For College - 940 Words

In the June 8th, 2011 article How At-Risk Students Make It to College, published in the Hispanic Times Magazine, the un-named author is explaining how there are several factors that can have a positive influence on any student, and most importantly, on an at risk students, to make the decision about going to a four-year college. The author is showing us the most important influencing factors such as family and peers. The author also tells us what an at risk-student is. The author is also telling us that within the key factors, there are some underlining factors that can influence us in ways we don’t think about. For example, the one step that we don’t really think about is the college application process, which is one of the factors we don’t think about until we have to go through the process ourself, when we decide to go to a four-year college. The thought of college can be very intimidating, especially to an at-risk students. At-risk students are the ones who are most likely to be loners, and ones that don’t care for school, because they lack the motivation and support they need. The author refers to the at-risk students as â€Å"latch-key†, which implies that they don’t have the needed parental guidance or companionship at home. These at-risk students are most likely to be between the ages of 16-18 yeas of age. I also believe along with the author that the reason why they are at risk students are, their family situation, their peers and the lack of interest they have inShow MoreRelatedCollege Dropout Rate And Evidence1332 Words   |  6 PagesCollege Dropout Rate Evidence To Support You re done, you have dropped out of college and there s nothing you can do. Congratulations, you are now in the 1.3 million that also contributed to this statistic. The college dropout rate varies based upon a wide variety of problems college students encounter. Now your reasons for dropping out? There could be many, some of which you couldn t control. However, there are some that directly contribute to the dropout rate; that you could have. We’ll beRead MoreCollege Should Offer Learners Not Only A Strong Academic Awareness Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pages College should offer learners not only a strong academic awareness, but it should be friendly, helping and nurturing place for students. Concern of scholar’s personal and academic well-being should always be in a center of Institution’s mission. The student service program I would like to offer would be called â€Å"Arizona Hope and Help† or â€Å"AHH†, and it would be focused on providing non-academic support for all â€Å"at-risk† students. The services, of course, would be provided free of charge to meet theRead MoreShould Guns Be Allowed On College Campuses?948 Words   |  4 PagesComparison and Contrast Paper: Should Guns Be Allowed on College Campuses? Hi I am a college student at Palm Beach State College in Florida West Palm Beach. One time I went to a guns store in which you can also practice how to use a gun. I was fourteen years the first time that I used a gun. I went to the place with my sister, three cousins and my father. The truth is that it was fun to use a gun, although we all knew it was dangerous to use one if we had not have any experience with it beforehandRead More College Students and Alcohol Essays1138 Words   |  5 Pages College Students and Alcohol College student drunkenness is far from new and neither are college and university efforts to control it. What is new, however, is the potential to make real progress on this age-old problem based on scientific research results. New research-based information about the consequences of high-risk college drinking and how to reduce it can empower colleges and universities, communities, and other interested organizations to take effective action. Hazardous drinking amongRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem for society, and college students are no exception to this problem, especially when it comes to binge drinking. Binge drinking is classified at 5 or more drinks for men or 4 or more drinks for women within 2 hours. According to a study by Ikes, â€Å"more than 40% of college students have engaged in heavy episodic drinking (HED)† or binge drinking (find pg number) and â€Å"19% engage in frequent binge drinking† (Iconis 243). There are very large implications for college students drinking this much alcoholRead MoreCollege Students Are At Risk For Hunger1405 Words   |  6 PagesMany college students are at risk for hunger. Low-income students do not prioritize eating because of their other financial responsibilities, including rent, textbooks, and transportation. Students who tend to buy their own food, do not buy the most nutritious meals which includes the infamous ramen for lunch or dinner. Two articles that discuss students experiencing food insecurity are â€Å"Students Shouldn’t Have to Choose Between Books and Food† by Clare Cady explains how low-income students cannotRead MoreThe Legal Requirements And Regulations1475 Words   |  6 PagesKingston College Health and Safety Legislations/Regulations Explanation of the Legislation Applying it to Kingston College The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 The fundamental point of the regulation is to diminish risk by requiring the evaluation of all potential dangers and the establishing plans in the case of emergencies. The regulation forces an obligation on employers to review all likely dangers for all their employees. Employers must complete and review all risk assessmentsRead MoreCollege Drinking A Major Problem That Affects The Lives Of Many People1138 Words   |  5 Pages Josh Roy Essay 3 Final College drinking a major problem that affects the lives of many College drinking is a major problem and it affects the lives of students their families and the community. As the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website notes: â€Å"About four out of five college students drink alcohol. . .† (â€Å"College Drinking†). The Affects of alcohol have impacted the lives of many people. I believe drinking is a problem, and believe that it is a problemRead MorePopping The Bubble : The True Cost Of Student Loans1699 Words   |  7 PagesTrue Cost of Student Loans Kyle Laffin is seen as an typical mid 20’s American. He attended college to pursue a degree in accounting and financial freedom, but this came at a cost which he didn’t imagine. He took out a loan with his father as an cosigner for a little over $100,000. Even though he got an accounting job directly out of college, he is now stuck paying back a monthly loan payment of $1,200, when he only makes $3,333 a month before taxes. This has forced his father to make payment sinceRead MoreEffects Of On Campus Housing On College Students Drinking Behavior1565 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of on-campus housing on college students’ drinking behavior: A Literature Review Educational scholars have widely researched the effects of on-campus housing on the behavior of college students and one of the behavioral effects is on drinking behavior. Researchers from both the United States and New Zealand have found that students living in residential halls on campus demonstrate the greatest rates for drinking and peer pressure for drinking (Rickwood, et al., 2011.). Leontini, et al.

Music history Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Music history Argumentative Essay Looked down on the use of music for mere pleasure iii. Hymns: prayers to gods b. Greek thought described the nature of music, its effects and its proper uses c. Plato believed that education should stress gymnastics (to discipline the body) and music (to discipline the mind) I. Urges balance between gymnastics and music it. Only certain types of music are suitable iii. Music should not have complex scales or mixed genres, rhythms, or instruments v. Changes in musical conventions could lead to lawlessness in art and anarchy in society 8. The Church Fathers on Psalmist and on the Dangers of Unholy Music a. Early church leaders were known as the church fathers b. Encouraged music for sacred purposes only c. Prohibited instrumental music ) Instrumental music lacked words and could not convey Christian teachings b) They feared evoking pagan practices, such as spectacles involving dancing c) Playing instruments is idle and unproductive and can lead to licentious behavior d. Psalm implies serenity of soul; it is the author of peace, which calms bewildering and seething thoughts Psalm is the work of angels, a heavenly institution, the spiritual incense. SST. Basic 9. SST. Augustine: The Testimony of SST. Augustine a. SST. Augustine: leading Church Father a) Feared musics ability to arouse strong feelings ) In his Confessions, he describes shedding tears at the psalms c) He believed that feeling strongly about the musical performance of psalms was a good thing d) When he was moved more by the song than by what was sung he b elieved it was SINFUL e) I am inclined to approve of the custom of singing in church Yet when I find the singing itself more moving than the truth which it conveys, I confess that this is a Shakespeare The Transmission of the Classical Legacy a. Bioethics: most revered authority on music in the Middle Ages a) Wrote De institution musical (Fundamentals of Music) . Defines 3 types of music: a. Musical mundane Music of the universe: numerical relations governing the movement of stars, planets, seasons, and the elements b. Musical human Human music: unification of body, soul and their parts c. Musical instrumentalist Instrumental music: audible music produced by voices or instruments 2. Musics power to influence character made it important in educating the young 3. The study of music through reason was a higher pursuit than the performance of music; therefore a philosopher of music was the true musician, not a singer or composer a. Three types of people in musical art: those who perform instruments, those who compose songs and those who Judge the instrumental performances and composed songs. Third type is considered a musician) b. The mere physical skill serves as a slave, while the reason governs all as sovereign How much nobler is the study of music as a rational science than as a laborious skill of manufacturing sounds? c. That person is a musician who through careful rational contemplation ass gained the knowledge of making music, not through the slavery of labor, but through the sovereignty of reason He type which buries itself in instruments is separated from the un derstanding of musical knowledge Hey act as slaves, for they use no reason but are totally lacking in thought. 11 . Music as a Liberal Art (Schools incendiaries) a. The tritium of the verbal arts: grammar, dialectic, rhetoric b. The quadric of the mathematical disciplines: geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and harmonics (music) 12. Before Notation (Isadora of Seville) a. Isadora of Seville: Unless sounds are remembered by man, they perish, for they cannot be written down. b. Simple melodies may have been memorized and ample melodies may have been improvised within strict conventions c. .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .postImageUrl , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:hover , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:visited , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:active { border:0!important; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:active , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Medium History EssayWhen melodies were written down, formulaic structures remained intact 13. Notre Babuls, Othello: Embellishing the Liturgy a. Babuls: most famous early writer of sequence texts 14. Guide of Orzo, DOD of Clung, Chaucer: Musical Notation and its consequences a. Monk in 11th century b. Developed a system with additional lines; staff notation, evolved to a four line staff c. Wrote a practical guide for singers d. Colonization 15. Music in Courtly Life a. Poetry and music of the noble troubadour were sober and reflective b. Idealization of love c. Songs of knighthood are found in manuscripts known as chandeliers 16. Emergence of Polyphony 17. The Forms and Practices of Music 18. The First Musical Avian-Garden 20. Letter from Gallinule De Mach (14th century) a. Leading composer of the French Ears Nova c. Resided in Reins to write poetry and music d. First composer to compile his complete works and to discuss his working method I. Paid for the preparation of several illuminated manuscripts of his works it. Wrote poems first, then music iii. Happiest when the music was sweet and pleasing

Human Resource for Megamines International - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Megamines International. Answer: Introduction Megamines International is a mining company that is facing a tough situation in the market. Due to the changing market conditions, the company is losing its competitive edge in the market and wants to bring about some serious changes in its Kookaburra mines but is facing a lot of internal issues in executing its change strategies. Therefore, this strategy is aimed at gaining a deeper insight into the case of the company and making suggestions to deal with the situation. SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is a framework that allows business organisations in analysing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a business project and understand the feasibility of a project for taking better business decisions (MT Team, n.d.). A SWOT analysis of the companys present situation is given below: Strengths: First of all, the company has a great team of senior managers. The president of the company, Jake Andrews, is a tough no-nonsense guy who is an exceptional leader. He is a democratic leader who takes decisions only after consulting his subordinates (Raza, 2017). Secondly, the company has a talented pool of employees who have a lot of market information. The employees are aware about the conditions that are prevailing in the market and in the company itself. They also have certain solutions in mind that will help the company in dealing with its problems. Weaknesses: First of all, a major weakness of the company is that its Kookaburra subsidiary is under a great influence of the labour unions. Labour unions are playing a dominating role in the subsidiary and making it difficult for the management to operate properly and achieve better profitability, productivity and efficiency. Secondly, the company has a huge redundant workforce working in its Kookaburra subsidiary. The Kookaburra subsidiary currently employs 2,000 employees who are adding up to the operational costs, which is making the company less profitable and efficient. Opportunities: First of all, a great opportunity that lies in front of the company is to implement technological solutions to solve most of its problems. Implementing technological solutions will allow the company to cut down its operational costs, become more profitable and ultimately to outperform its competitors. Secondly, the present situation is an opportunity for the company to deal with redundant workforce using various measures and overcome the negative conditions to become more profitable and productive in the future. Threats: First of all, the mine at Kookaburra is highly dominated by the labour unions and the management of the company has a lower hand in the decision making process. Further, even the political scenario is not in favour of the company as the politicians are more inclined towards the workforces welfare, which makes it impossible for the company to reduce the size of its workforce so that it could survive in the market. Secondly, the market scenario of the business is changing drastically. The prices of the companys core products have hit a 10-year low and the pressure is mounting. China, a major customer of the business, has stopped buying products from the business, which is posing a great threat to the existence of the business. Human Resource Management Problems The mining company is definitely facing a number of human resource management problems, which is having a toll on its competitiveness and profitability. The human resource management problems being faced by the company are discussed below: First of all, the company lacks a system of workforce planning. If the company had a system of workforce planning, it would not be having such a large redundant workforce as it would have allowed the company to forecast the human resource needs and ensure optimum number of employees in the workplace (Vorhauser-Smith, 2015). Secondly, the company is has failed to maintain strong relation with the employees because of which, there are multiple trade unions in the workplace and they have a upper hand in the negotiation process. As a result, the company is failing in implementing any change strategy and reduce the size of the workforce to become more profitable and efficient (O'Brien, 2014). The labour unions are tough and act like militants who can go to any extent to get their demands fulfilled (Lombardo, 2015). Thirdly, the company is also facing an issues related with its compensation and benefit management. The company has a workforce that is more in number than required and paying them high wages is making the company less profitable. Megamines Business Strategy Megamines is facing a tough market situation. The industrial scenario is changing rapidly and is making it tougher for the company to stay profitable. The workforce of the company is more in number than required and high wage rates are making the company less profitable. The strategy that the business management is looking to implement in the workplace is corporate downsizing. Corporate downsizing is a strategy that business organisations often use in adverse economic conditions. Corporate downsizing involves cutting jobs in order to decrease the operational costs in order to remain competitive and profitable. Downsizing can result in a large number of employees being laid off from their jobs (Snyder Welch, 2015). In a downsizing strategy, a human resource manager can implement different strategies to deal with the adverse economic conditions. In some cases, the managers can permanently lay off the employees whereas in some conditions, the managers might rehire the laid off employees after a predefined period of time. Corporate downsizing strategy is one of the toughest organisational decisions as it can create a number of social and legal issues for a company. Laying off the employees is considered to be unethical and against the corporate social responsibility of a firm. As a result, business organisations try to achieve a reduction in their workforce using other methods, such as job sharing, sending the employees on holidays, temporary leaves, etc. rather than laying them off permanently (Doyle, 2016). Recommendations for Solving Human Resource Issues Human resource management issues can have a great deal of impact on a companys work operations, efficiency, productivity and profitability. The condition of Megamines can, to some extent, be attributed to the human resource issues that the company is facing. To become more effective and to deal with the human resource issues, the company can look into the following recommendations: The management of the company needs to address the issue of redundant workforce and high compensations. It is not always beneficial to stick to organisational downsizing as a strategy to deal with adverse economic conditions because it can involve a lot of social and legal controversies. Therefore, the management of the company needs to look out for alternatives that will help them in avoiding permanent layoffs. To address this issues, the management can inform the workforce about the alarming condition of the industry and how every employees job is at a risk, which is creating an urgency to bring about a decrease in the compensations and benefits that the employees are getting. This way, the employees will get a clarity that if they do not except some cuts in their wages, the entire workforce will lose their job because of the company being shut down (Gandolfi, 2008). Once the employees have peacefully excepted a cut in their wages and benefits, the next and an immediate step should be to implement a performance management system in the workplace. A performance management system will help the company in fostering a performance oriented environment in the workplace and increase the competition amongst the employees. On the basis of a performance management system, it would become easier for the management to take actions against those employees who are failing in meeting their performance objectives and slowly and steadily, the company will be able to deal with its redundant workforce. Further, to deal with the redundant workforce, the company can also offer early retirements to certain employees who are about to get retired in the near future and can make its strategy more appealing by offering them a special retirement plan (Sozo Firm, 2017). The company can also freeze all its recruitment and selection programs in the future until it has dealt with its redundant workforce so that the issues do not pile up with new workers joining the mining company regularly. Another way to deal with the redundant workforce can be to transfer some of the employees to different facilities where the operational costs are less and the employees are paid less wages (Thebalance, n.d.). Such strategies will allow the company to avoid laying off its employees permanently and avoid the legal and social issues related with it. The company will also be able to hire these employees back in case the economic conditions start to improve in the future. Thus, such a strategy will help the company in dealing with most of the human resource issues that it is experiencing at the present. Bibliography MT Team, n.d. SWOT Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm[Accessed 22 May 2017]. Raza, A., 2017. 12 Different Types of Leadership Styles. [Online] Available at: https://wisetoast.com/12-different-types-of-leadership-styles/[Accessed 22 May 2017]. Doyle, A., 2016. What Happens When a Company Downsizes?. [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/what-happens-when-a-company-downsizes-2061972[Accessed 23 May 2017]. O'Brien, P., 2014. Why Strong Employee/Employer Relationship is Important and How to Achieve This? Read more at https://www.business2community.com/strategy/strong-employeeemployer-relationship-important-achieve-0876781#j8WHH4o2fHk5ZRkC.99. [Online] Available at: https://www.business2community.com/strategy/strong-employeeemployer-relationship-important-achieve-0876781#9TQ5mPkuSxqhDxTT.97[Accessed 23 May 2017]. Lombardo, C., 2015. 9 Disadvantages and Advantages of Labor Unions. [Online] Available at: https://thenextgalaxy.com/9-disadvantages-and-advantages-of-labor-unions/[Accessed 23 May 2017]. Snyder, J. Welch, I., 2015. Do Powerful Politicians Really Cause Corporate Downsizing?. 20 October, 2017(May), p. 23. Vorhauser-Smith, S., 2015. Workforce Planning: The War Room Of HR. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/sylviavorhausersmith/2015/05/25/workforce-planning-the-war-room-of-hr/#386234777b18[Accessed 23 May 2017]. Sozo Firm, 2017. 10 Ways to Prevent Layoffs. [Online] Available at: https://www.sozofirm.com/10-ways-to-prevent-layoffs/[Accessed 23 May 2017]. Thebalance, n.d. Before You Do a Workforce Reduction. [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/before-you-do-a-workforce-reduction-1918589[Accessed 23 May 2017]. Gandolfi, F., 2008. HR STRATEGIES THAT CAN TAKE THE STING OUT OF DOWNSIZING-RELATED LAYOFFS. [Online] Available at: https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/hr-strategies-that-can-take-the-sting-out-of-downsizing-related-layoffs/[Accessed 23 May 2017].

Human Cogntive Architecture Pattern Recognition Essay Example

Human Cogntive Architecture Pattern Recognition Essay One may be tempted to suppose that we, who experience the world through vision, experience a very different world from the worlds expereinced by bats or dolphins, who rely more on hearing, dogs or rats who make greater use of smell †¦ or spiders or scorpoins who are attuned to mechanical variations. But at sufficiently abstract level, our worlds are all the same three dimensional Euclidean world Roger Shepard (Solso 1994) (73) Visual pattern recognition influences several areas -computer vision, machine learning, robotics, neuroscience, psychology, biological vision, AI, cognitive science, biological perception, visual arts and all aspects of or daily life (object recognition). This paper focuses on visual cognition and pattern recognition; as these influences the human cognitive architecture more than tactile and auditory pattern recognition. Pattern recognition is the key phenomenon in visual cognition it distinguishes human cognitive architecture and bridges top-down and bottom up information processing approach. It also connects inside with outside. Thus connecting human wetware (mind brain complex) to wide-ware of the world. I have used visual arts and illusion to explain pattern recognition because in spite of being abstract and illusive they present interesting good case for schema construction using top-down and bottom up processing. I claim that in pattern recognition top-down processing plays a critical role. This paper is divided into following section: Brain Visual System Complex, Visual Arts, Pattern Recogntion in Non Humans and Instructional implication has been explained using the theories of visual literacy. Brain Visual System Complex We will write a custom essay sample on Human Cogntive Architecture Pattern Recognition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Cogntive Architecture Pattern Recognition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Cogntive Architecture Pattern Recognition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Evolutionary story Soslo has depicted 248 million years of organic evolution using 31 day January month of 2000. Insects, dinosaurs, reptiles evolved a well-developed eyes during this period. On January 31 at 11. 59 am human like form appeared and within last 10 minutes falls the entire history if visual arts (Solso 1994) (24). Human eyes are not the most complex visual system the eyes of simple insects are more complex they have many lenses and receptors, while we have just one lens with receptors. Evolutionary biology emphasises that brain and visual system have evolved together as a visual cognitive complex in human. While simple brained animals have complex optical system; it seems complex brain offsets the need of a complex visual system in humans (Solso 1994) (14). Based on Darwinian Evolutionary Theory- human capability to identify, recognise and differential patterns (like dark, from light, blues, from greens, straight lines from curved and moving objects from stationary) has significantly increased the chances of survival. Cognitive psychology elucidates that raw data of sensory signals is meaningless and random. But when these signals fall on a decoding visual system and brain complex they weave a rich pattern of meaningful relation. Most intriguing part is the corresponding, concurrent and complimentary evolution of sensory system, brain and the central nervous system (Solso 1994) (47) Search for meaningful pattern recognition involves at least three parameters: ? What is an object? ? Where is it? ? What is it doing? Pylyshyn elucidates that behind the â€Å"smart† functionality of the visual system is messy yet sophisticated hardware: As the light sensitive surface of the eye are two dimensional, so the sense of depth in visual system comes from the source of information. After ecades of research we now know that part of information of depth comes from the difference between the patterns the two eyes receive. With all our understanding of stereo vision we are still far removed from understanding how does this difference in 2d vision translates to 3d experience? A very small part fovea has sufficient acuity to recognise pattern. Moreover eyes focal length differs for different colours. There is a blind sp ot 10-13 degrees away from fovea. To add the mess the eyes are in constant motion jumping around in rapid saccades several times in each second. Retina our primary contact with the world is not uniform nor it is flat and has uneven distribution of cones rods. Lastly it is continuously smeared with the moving information. However brain builds a uniform, detailed, gapless, 3d-video patterns from the sketchy inputs in the face of such dynamic and impoverished information processing system. Pyhshyn claims strategies like focal attention play a critical role in connecting vision and cognition (Pylyshyn 2003) (5). Evolutionary biology favours the case that top-down processing in pattern recognition is the key distinguishing factor of human architecture. True believers in real patterns Looking at history from twelfth century till date we find philosophers and thinkers instinctively find patterns in chaos right. Plato, Pythogorus, Euclid, Ptolemy, Coprinicus, Newton, Einstein etc all the thinkers have been searching ways to establish order in chaos. It seems that we love to accept linearity, smoothness and stability in the face of the world that is largely unsmooth and random. But are we looking for real patterns and are these patterns inside or they are out side and how do we assign meaning to these patterns. As per Dennett We use folk psychology interpretation of each other as believers, intenders and the like – to predict what people will do next. .. Folk psychology helps us understand and empathise with the others, organise our memories, interpret our emotions and flavour our vision in thousand ways, but the heart of all these is enormous power that predictive folk psychology. Without the predictive power we could not have any interpersonal relations at all; human activity would be just so much like â€Å"Brownian motion† (Dennet 1991) Dennett presents a interesting story which aims to answer the above questions. He claims objective pattern â€Å"pops out† when we view the world through appropriate lenses. Like in the consequence of 2, 4, 6, 8,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. are different yet when seen through arithmetic lens the exhibit a common pattern add 2 pops out. Similarly intentional stance is the only lens that can help recognise real patterns (Clark 2001) (52-53). Dennett uses an John Conways game of life to highlight real patterns make available potent generalisations and predictions further claims that to miss a pattern is to miss some thing real and explanatory useful, even though every thing that occurs depends on the underlying simple rules (Clark 2001). 52-53) This elaborates the point the intentional stance is crucial for us to believe and attach meaning to pattens. True believers will always believe in real patterns. Intelligence of the human information processing system lies on our capability to recognise, predict and generalise real patterns. Visual Arts: Symbol manipulation Kose in paper summarises the views of these three thinkers. For all symbols gets meaning from convention. Goodman thinks denotation is the primary vehicle for representing. Gardener stresses on specific set of skills in rder to produce or read meaning with a particular symbols system. Cassier emphasis art objects derive meaning from the process of creation for him action and psychology of the artist is the key to understand. I feel representation is the core of cognitive architecture and symbolism is at the core of representation but it is difficult to take reductionist view. It does not seem relevant to elaborate this debate here. However the discussion brings three key concepts to focus: conventionality, specific skill set and artistic/aesthetic experience. All the three points are relevant to process of pattern recognition. Illusion: Limits of Pattern Recognition Solso surmises critical role of experience and top-down approach in view art. The viewing of art causes an immediate conscious experience in people. We see colours, shapes, contours, objects, distances, and interactions (among other things) and, when all of these impressions are sensed, the brain brings meaning and comprehension to the art object. †¦Our mind supplies reasonable inferences to our consciousness about a visual scene, which may be, in fact, absent in the object. We ‘see’ behind occluded objects, feel motion, and react emotionally to provocative themes even though these things may not literally exist. In the cognition of art, our past knowledge supplies consciousness with context. Experience colours art. We understand Picasso’s Guernica, Michelangelo’s, Sistine Chapel, and Rembrandt’s Self-portrait (1658) better because we can feel the intensity of women and children being victimized in the embittered Spanish Civil War, know the Biblical story of creation and man’s fall from grace, and comprehend the weathered features of an old man’s face (Solso 2000). A viewer’s intention in viewing art and personal history strongly influences what he or she looks at in an object. This, in turn, determines which patterns of neural activity are aroused. In addition to situational demands, each person views art with a unique personal history which biases his or her attentional focus — a Nebraska farmer might attend to different features in Grant Wood’s American Gothic than would a New York fashion designer (Solso 2000). E H Gombrich illustrates core of top-down approach and important element of cognitive architecture the guided projection: It is without the support from any structure that the beholder must mobilise his memory of the visible world and project it into the mosaic of strokes and the dabs on the canvas before him. It is here, therefore principle of guided projection reaches its climax. The image, it might be said had no firm anchorage left on the canvas it is only conjured up in our minds. The willing beholder responds to the artist’s suggestions because he enjoys the transformation that occurs in front of his eyes (Gombrich 1986). Artists use various cues to fool the system to activate the relevant schema in viewers mind using top-down processing. When the pattern recognition (perception) departs from the external world, to disagree with the physical reality, it means one is experiencing an illusion. However illusion differs from the truth (Gregory 1997). Pylyshyn starts his book Seeing and Visualising with a honest statement by Galeolio: â€Å"†¦. if the man had been born blind, philosophy would be more perfect, because it would be more perfect, because it would lack many false assumption that have been taken from the sense of sight. † (Pylyshyn 2003) ( Preface) Illusion expose limits or the leaky architecture of two complex structures brain and the visual system. Top-down processing: Pattern recognition of the objects involves knowledge of the world as the sensory data is impoverished and hardly relevant (Gregory 1997). Bottom up Processing: Pattern recognition of the objects uses information from the optic array, which contains sufficient information to guide behaviour. Evolution has produced organisms that are sensitive to the invariants in the optic array and does not require prior knowledge (Gregory 1997). These two approaches cause different type of illusions. Cognitive Illusion due top-down processing resulting in misrepresenting of knowledge. Physical Illusion due to the disturbance of light, between objects and the eyes, are different from illusions due to the disturbance of sensory signals of eye, though both might be classified as ‘physical’. Physical causes: In human vision ‘top-down’ seems to be more important than ‘bottom-up’. This might be because there are more downwards fibres from the cortex to the lateral geniculate bodies LGN ‘relay stations’ than bottom-up from the eyes (Gregory 1997). Classification Visual illusions can provide evidence of object knowledge and working rules for vision, but only when the phenomena are explained and classified (Gregory 1997). A tentative classification is presented, in terms of appearances and kinds of causes in Appendix B (Gregory 1997). Types of illusions: Gregory divides appearances of illusions into classes based on errors of language ambiguities, distortion, paradoxes and fictions. There seems to deeper connection in language and visual system. It kind of connects Chomkys deep structure and surface structures theory. Ambiguities Perception changes while the input from the eyes remain same. A retinal image is infinitely ambiguus which could respond to infinitely possibilities but we see only one (Gregory 1997). Paradox False assumptions creates paradox. Distortions Illusion due to distortion of retinal signals, perspective, brightness, colour. Fictions Suggests fictional forms Opt- Art The pictures are extremely distrubing, Jazzing, moving and generating ghostly shapes (Gregory 1997). Model to understand top-down and bottom-up processing To the ‘bottom-up’ signals and ‘top-down’ knowledge, Gregory adds ‘sideways’ rules. Both top-down and sideways are knowledge. These can be considered as ‘ins-and-outs’ of [pic] Tentative ‘flat box’ of’ vision. As usual, signals from the eyes and the other senses are ‘bottom-up’. Conceptual and perceptual object knowledge are shown in separate ‘top-down’ boxes. Knowledge as embodied in the general rules. is introduced ‘sideways’. Perceptual learning seems to work largely by feedback from behaviour (Gregory 1997). The historical study of systematic misperceptions (illusions), combined with a recent explosion of techniques to measure and stimulate neural activity, has provided a rich source for guiding neurobiological frameworks and experiments to better understand the cognitive architecture (Eagleman 2001). Arts Brain: Search for essentials E. H. Gomrich highlights Plato from Sohpists and makes strong point on the very basis of representation â€Å"that we make a house by the art of building, and by art of painting we make another house, a sort of man-made dreams (pin-ups and comics) produced for those who are awake? † (Gombrich 1986) Zeki claims that like brain visual arts is search for essential. The pre-eminent function of the brain is the acquisition of knowledge about the world around us. Just as brain searches for constancies and essentials, so does art (Zeki 2002) (Preface). .. the artist can find the models that he depicts in his mind, his inner vision, not the external world. When artists try to fool the brain and its record, they can only do so with respect to its stored memory. Even when they don’t know much about the brain, artists were and are aware of the reality of perception and the appearance of the painting (Zeki 2002). V. S. Ramachandran and William Hirstein while explaining Peak Shift Affect take different view, art is a process of selection and amplification of the essentials. The purpose of art, surely, is not merely to depict or represent reality (western art) —for that can be accomplished very easily with a camera—but to enhance, transcend, or indeed even to distort reality. The word ‘rasa’ (might be similar Platonic ideal form) appears repeatedly in Indian art manuals and has no literal translation, but roughly it means ‘the very essence of. ’ So a sculptor in India, for example, might try to portray the rasa of childhood (Plate 2), or the rasa of romantic love, or sexual ecstasy (Plate 3), or feminine grace and perfection (Plate 4). †¦the peak shift effect: If a rat is rewarded for discriminating a rectangle from a square, it will respond even more vigorously to a rectangle that is longer and skinnier that the prototype. An evocative sketch of a female nude may be one which selectively accentuates those feminine form-attributes that allow one to discriminate it from a male figure; Finally, given constraints on allocation of attentional resources, art is most appealing if it produces heightened activity in a single dimension (e. g. through the peak shift principle or through grouping) rather than redundant activation of multiple modules. Consider the way in which a skilled cartoonist produces a caricature of a famous face, say Nixon’s. What he does (unconsciously) is to take the average of all faces, subtract the average from Nixon’s face (to get the difference between Nixon’s face and all others) and then amplify the differences to produce a caricature. The final result, of course, is a drawing that is even more Nixon-like than the original (Hirstein 1999). ADD DIAGRAM 3 A circle represent the loaf of bread (they are round in Viena), a curve added on top will turn into a shopping bag, two little squiggles on its handle will shrink into a purse, now by adding a tail here was a cat (Gombrich 1986). Gombridge uses the simple drawing game to emphasize the power of metamorphosis. Once the tail is added the purse gets destroyed and cat is created; you cannot see the one without obliterating the other. This is simply highlights our capacity to recognise, amplify and generalise a pattern (Gombrich 1986). The way the language of art refers to the visible world is so obvious (due to bottom up processing) and so mysterious (top down processing) that is still largely unknown except to the artists (high-stung on visual schema) themselves who can use it as we use languages – without needing to know its rammar and syntax (Gombrich 1986). So we see Zeki’s focus on Inner Vision, Plato’s emphasis on dream, Ramchandran principle of peak shift affect and Gombridge drawing experiment. All point to the same core function of the brain, using top-down approach to recognise, predict, amplify and generalise the pattern. Schema Development Gombrich in his book Arts and Illusion att empts to address the issue of art universals (schema) and peculiarities (creativity) in artists using science, psychology, and philosophy. Core of his version his is the theory of schemata development and correction. This is derived from the idea that the artist begins not with his visual impression but with his idea or concept and that the artist uses adjusts this idea to fit, as well as it can, the object, landscape, or person before him or her. Gombrich calls this theory making and matching. E H Gombrich while highlighting F. C. Ayers point claims that no artist can imitate reality without schema: The trained drawer acquires a mass of schemata by which he can produce schema of an animal, flower or a house quickly upon the paper. This serves as a support for the representation of his memory images and he gradually modifies the schema until it corresponds to that with which he would express. Many drawers who are deficient in schemata and can draw well from another drawing cannot draw from the object. The dry psychological phenomenon formula correction can tell us a good deal, not only about the essential unit between medieval and post medieval but also of their vital difference. To Middle Ages schema is the image; to post medieval artists, it is the starting point of corrections, adaptation, the means to probe reality and to wrestle with the particular (Gombrich 1986). .. For it is not only the scientists of the stamp of Camper who can examine the schema and test its validity. Since the time Leonardo, at least, every great artist has done the same, consciously, unconsciously. Upto 19th century artist where more like trained drawers and focus was on universal features ideal pattern (schema). However in late 18t h and early 19th Century artists turned against the traditional methods. Gombrige classifies this period as struggle against schema (Gombrich 1986). Gmobridge mentions a statement by Constable who is the centre of the struggle for schemata. Constbale explains elegantly his position in the history of visual arts: I have endeavoured to draw a line between genuine arts (peculiarities or uniqueness) and the mannerism (traditional schemata), but even the greatest painters have never been wholly untainted by manner. Painting is science and should be pursued as the inquiry into the laws of nature. Why, then, may not landscape painting be considered a branch of natural philosophy, of which pictures are but experiments? (Gombrich 1986) Gombridge – To a see patch on a close canvas as a distant mountain is to transform it in according to its meaning. These transformation explain the paradox that world cannot look like a picture, but a picture can look like a world. †¦ it is not the ‘innocent eye’ but the inquiring mind that knows how to probe the ambiguities of vision. Gombrich brings an interesting point to notice- Art is a story of schema creation by trial error and testing. A search for consistencies through anticipation and testing. Bruman and Postman- All cognitive process are represent making a hypothesis (pattern) and matching (pattern) (Gombrich 1986). Nuerological basis for schema in Artist in brain The eye (and other sensory organs) and brain are now thought to be onceptually related. Many theorists suggest that the eye is an extension of the primary visual cortex. Most visual signals follow a well known neurological route (from the retina, to the lateral geniculate bodies, to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe) (Solso 2000). The study was conducted on distinguished portrait artists and a novice. The artist selected for this task, HO, is one of Britain’s most. The non-artist used in this study who served as a control subject (AH) was a graduate student in psychology at Stanford University; 32 years old, right handed male with no formal training in art (Solso 2000). Findings: Study suggest two main findings. First they confirm that an area of the brain frequently associated with facial identification was specifically activated. Second, the lower level of activation of the artist indicates that he may be more efficient in the processing of facial features than the novice (Solso 2000). Thus, these two main findings considered together suggest that an expert portrait artist, who frequently sees and draws faces, dedicates relatively less energy to the processing of faces and more to the processing of these features in terms of their associated correlates. In a phrase, the artist thinks portraits more than he ‘sees’ them. Thus we see pattern recognition is more case of schema construction using top-down processing. Aesthetics: Celebration of Pattern recognition: Geyer makes an interesting argument substantiating the point that aesthetic celebration of celebration of our capability of pattern recognition. Geyer highlights Gombrich to state a point that the act of pattern construction is what makes us perceivers rather than mere responders to the stimuli. Lettvin has done close examination of the frogs visual system in his paper â€Å"What the frogs eye tells the frogs brain† Geyers refers to this paper to summarise Frogs visual system: Frogs have four types of visual receptors in the retinas of their eyes. On type responds to large contrast differences, another to changes in contrast, the third to changes in light intensity, and the fourth responds to small, dark, circular objects which are moving toward the frog. This last receptor is called the â€Å"bug detector†, and when it is triggered the automatic response is for the frog’s tongue to shoot out and catch the triggering object (Geyer 1988). The frog does not decide whether it is hungry or even whether the object is a bug, but just shoots out its tongue. All of the frog’s visual processing is â€Å"peripheral, in the retina of the eye. This peripheral sensory apparatus is a rudimentary stimulus/response mechanism, as opposed to our complex, central interpreting system (Geyer 1988). This discussion re-inforces that Frog’s visual system far more complicated than humans while humans brain is far more complicated than Frogs. Concept of focal attention or instinct to search for order/structure and this seems to be unique feature of human eye-brain complex. Geyer claims that while perceiving an aesthetics experience one assumes, predicts and attempts to realize (invent or discover) a existing pattern, when the pattern is actually found the aesthetic inquiry and the experience ends. However, perception in general is a necessary function for human beings, and perception is a process of editing and ordering information from the senses. Thus seeking order is a biologically necessary operation, as essential to our survival as eating and reproducing. Aesthetic experience, as seeking order just for the sake of seeking order, is a celebration of perception. The pleasure in this experience is primal, as it is in eating when hungry and copulating. It is there to encourage a basic need. No wonder evolution has favored perception in the aesthetic phenomenon (Geyer 1988). Neurological basis for aesthetic being a function perceivers processing Using interesting experimental settings Rolf Reber, Nobert Schwarz and Piotr Winkielman propose that aesthetic pleasure is a function of the perceiver’s processing dynamics. They review variables known to influence aesthetic judgments, such as figural goodness, figure–ground contrast, stimulus repetition, symmetry, and prototypicality, and trace their effects to changes in processing fluency. The mail claim is against theories that trace aesthetic pleasure to objective stimulus features per se, they propose that beauty is grounded in the processing experiences of the perceiver, which are in part a function of stimulus properties (Processing Fluency and Aesthetic Pleasure: Is Beauty in the Perceiver’s Processing Experience? (Rolf Reber 2004) Pattern recognition might be the key phenomenon to understand aesthetic phenomenon for what it is. Pattern recognition in Non-human Pattern recognition and object parsing experiments in human the experiments were conducted on humans by XU Carey Welch 1999; Needham Baillergeon 1998 and Spelk in 1993. This experiment conducted on humans was taken as the base to comapre object parsing in adult Rheshus Monkey and human infants. Four experiments are investigating how semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys form representation of and inferences about visible object presented under natural conditions. Experiments use methods in previous training is required by monkeys. †¢ Preferential looking experiments which are common in human infants were used to allows direct comparisons. Experiment displays testing infant’s sensitivity spatiotemporal temporal or featural information (Yuko Munakata 2001). Findings Sensitivity to hands: Humans infants take account of the human hands in analyzing t he motion and objects. However monkeys show no sensitivity to the moving hands. Because human infants are endowed with the capability to attend to the ways inanimate objects are manipulated by other humans. Object boundaries: Adult monkey and human infant above 11 months of age use featural Information processing model to perceive object boundaries. Experiment suggests that monkeys categories food such that they are likely to have â€Å"food kind† (color and shape perception) representations (Yuko Munakata 2001). Successful use of featural information model by monkeys casts doubt on the thesis representation of objects is uniquely human capability. It further seems that even animals do top-down conceptual based processing. Diagrams: logic of pattern recognition The are irregular presentation that artists have been using to create meaningful spatial representation. Now lets see what is the case with the regular patterns so called diagrams. This section looks at issue why do we sue diagrams. Proving theorem is geometry is efficient and easy using diagrams as they provide spatial representation to abstract problems. David Hilbert makes a claim that digram based Euclidean geometry makes hidden assumptions hence it is an effective device for geometrical problems. However the question the whether diagrams are merely heuristic or can provide rigorous means of proving theorem is still a debatable topic. Though claim from (Allewein and Barwise 1996) has revived the argument in favour of diagram as rigorous means of problem solving (Pylyshyn 2003). The Venn diagram representation of sets, illustrates that certain properties of the visual system (the ease with which we locate an element in particular region) can be exploited to facilitate reasoning. Such externalisation exploit the perceptual system to help us recognise patterns (Pylyshyn 2003). Gardener (1982) provides a fascinating discussion of diagrammatic inventions of Leonhard Euler, Sir William Hamilton, Allan Marquand, Johann Lambert, Charles Peirce Lewis Carrol (Charles Dodgson), and Gerrit Marie Mes. There is something obvious about the vision that provides functions that are not as readily available in other forms of reasoning. Vision provides primitive operation for a number of functions (shape recognition, detection of relational properties) The usefullness if diagrams, graphs, charts, and other visual devices relies on the fact that people are good at visually detecting certain geometrical relations. Diagrams enable visual system to keep track of where the information is located in the real world rather than encoding it all in memory argued strongly by O’ Regan (1992). While examing diagrams we don’t look for general properties but also at what properties hold the resulting construction (Pylyshyn 2003) (445) Involvement of visual system is more than goes beyond merely recognising that a certain pattern is present in a particular drawing (Pylyshyn 2003) (446). Spatial metaphors facilitate communication of complex idea and working through bastract problems as diagrams use external memory to represent spatial patterns . (Talmy 2000) (Pylyshyn 2003) (445) In a nutshell, drawing a diagram enables in principle to see the relationships that are entailed by what you recalled, however sparse the set of explicitly noticed relationships might be. In prevision sections I have explained that top down processing in pattern recognition involved in representing meaning in visual arts and also responsible for the break down of patterns in illusion. Even in the abstract process like aesthetic experience key phenomenon is top down processing in pattern recognition. Finally in logical or regular use of visuals is also governed by top-down processing and the key phenomenon is pattern recognition. Right stated by Descartes in 17th Century â€Å" †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Instructional Implication: Visuals Literacy â€Å"Visually literacy is training for visual thinking†. This concept has many interpretations and is influenced by various areas like visual language, perceptual and cultural coding, creativity, visual and verbal relationships, deconstructionism, social, theoretical foundations and research. This concept has significantly from 1960 onwards (Dwyer 1994). Visualisation as Rehearsal Rehearsal may be considered to be any activity which causes the learner to hold the information longer in the short term memory. Weinstin and Mayer 1986: Rehearsal strategies are desigined to repeat information while it is in short term memory (Dwyer 1994). Murray and Mosberg 1982 indicated that longer and individual can be involved in rehearsal activities (taking notes, inspecting and interacting with visuals etc) in which he/she is actively processing information, the greater is the possibility that this information will be moved to the long term memory and thus resulting in schema development (Dwyer 1994). Information processing approach focuses on how the human memory system acquires, transforms, compacts, elaborates, encodes, retrieves, and uses information (Dwyer 1994). Gregory in model to explain top- down processing role of side ways role and qualia while misses out on memory structures while Klatzky 1980 focuses on the process of patter recognition in context to memory structures but it misses out top-down and qualia. Hence I present an adapted model that best explains the process of pattern recognition. Adapted from Klatzky Model 1980 and Gregory model of Top-down and bottom up processing. Challenges in the use of visuals as instructional The objective of the instructional strategy should be to develop guidelines for effective use of different kinds of visualisations. To meet educational objectives, guidelines would possess high degree of predictability for the design and visualisation, to ensure that majority of learners receive the intended message in effective manner. This goal is not easy to achieve as due to different kind of illustrations (line drawings, detailed, shaded line drawings, drawings of models, realistic photographs) are not equally effective in achieving different educational objectives for students with different background studying in different cultural/learning settings (Dwyer 1994). Hence there need for effective visual testing. Visual testing Instructional environment purposely designed to facilitate student acquisition, storage and retrieval of designated information. Even though visualization is commonly used to facilitate student information acquisition, most of evaluation strategies currently used are of verbal pencil and paper type (Dwyer 1994). Dwyer and DeMel: â€Å" probably the oldest learning is that any change in the retrieval (evaluation) environment from that which occurred in the original learning environment produces marked decrements in learner performance. Thus most important steps in the research focusing on cognitive information acquisition is the development of instruction unit which contains several different levels of learning (facts, concepts, rule/procedures, problem solving strategies) and appropriate type of tests must be designed to measure the problem solving at each level. Instructional Consistency/ Congruency Canelos presents a useful conceptual rationale for the development o f instructional module for research purpose. The paradigm assumes a hierarchy of learning objectives. Students will not achieve the rules/principle level if they do not posses pre-requisite conceptual base. However if the students possess the conceptual base and the instructional environment does not bring does not bring together relevant concepts in a manner which facilitates rule / principle level integration, learning will not occur. The process of working with objectives, interaction and testing provides instructional congruency while instructional consistency aims to verify that the prerequisite kinds of learning are present; it also requires that the objectives for each category be stated specifically. This Unit development is critical as it alerts the researcher to the fact that the learner are going to be processing information at a different intellectual levels and that different type of instructional experiences need to developed to facilitate the different levels of learning. Visual literacy is becoming less complex as the basic notion of learning with the visuals is becomes more universally accepted. However the field is becoming complicated because of new theories, and new technologies but has a significant implication instruction (Dwyer 1994). Phases in learning Hierarchy and Instructional Consistency/ Congruency Matrix Conclusion I have explained three points first intentionality in pattern recognition makes us unlike the dust particles in Brownian motion. Second- Illusion are good example to understand the leaky architecture of the visual system and brain complex. I have explained that illusion might be caused due to physical causes that bottom up processing dominating or they can be due to cognitive factors that is top-down processing dominates. History of illusion gives insight into the neural basis of visual system. Third- I have explained aesthetic experience, as is the most evolved feature of human beings.

Embryonic Stem Cells Are the Key to Cures essays

Embryonic Stem Cells Are the Key to Cures essays Thousands of Americans face trouble doing regular work around the house. Most of them have difficulties using scissors, can no longer do extracurricular activities, and have to take several expensive prescription medications just to ease the uncontrollable tremors in their muscles. These people have Parkinson's disease. This incurable disease causes the degenerate of the central nervous system and is characterized by impaired muscular coordination. If embryonic stem cell research were federally funded then scientist could find a cure for Parkinson's disease. The only alternative for thousands of Americans is to take expensive prescriptions, which have more side effects than benefits, and usually have problems paying for the drugs (Devitt). Another case would be the several millions of people who need a certain organ to survive. For example, there are several kidney transplants needed, but not enough donors to provide them with a kidney that matches those in need of a transplant. This results in many of them being placed on a long waiting list with little hope in ever getting a transplant. Unfortunately, embryonic stem cells are the center of controversy for several religious, medical, ethical, and moral reasons. If these issues are not put aside then millions of people will die from Parkinson's disease and several will not get the organ(s) needed to survive in the future. Scientists should be able to research embryonic stem cells for finding cures without having a backlash against the scientists (Devitt). A stem cell is a cell that can replicate itself and function as a particular a cell in the body. There are several different kinds of stem cells, but the most controversial is the embryonic stem cell. The embryonic stem cell is created by fertilization in a Petri dish. Then, some of the embryonic stem cells are placed back into the woman and the rest are thr...